Energy & Renewable Energies
At this moment the world still relies heavily on non-renewable energy sources, such as natural gas, oil and coal. The burning of these fossil fuels generates energy but also produces carbon dioxide (CO2), a well-known greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming and climate change. The earth’s temperature and sea level rises and scientists concluded that global warming is mostly caused by human activities that increase the amount of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere.
In order to slow the pace of global warming and achieve a sustainable society it is clear that we need to increase the share of renewable energy globally.
In the last few years we have seen a lot of developments on renewable energy. The wind and solar sectors have been growing at an exponential rate, far faster than anyone had previously imagined. Prices for renewable power generation are plummeting, in many cases providing a cheaper alternative for utilities than traditional coal or natural gas plants.
Why; the continuation of comparatively low global fossil fuel prices; dramatic price reductions of several renewable energy technologies (especially solar and wind power); and a continued increase in attention to energy storage.
There are many benefits to using renewable energy resources, but what is it exactly? From solar to wind, find out more about alternative energy, the fastest-growing source of energy in the world—and how we can use it to combat climate change.
By 2020, it is estimated that approximately 12.5% of the world’s energy will be supplied by renewable sources and this will rapidly increase as the societal costs of a carbon-based energy system are exposed, and the many benefits of renewable energy are finally being recognized.
Several studies show that a 100% renewable energy system will be significantly cheaper than our current system, unlocking trillions in additional GDP while stimulating the economy through millions of new jobs and billions of dollars in avoided climate and health costs.
Latest Statistics
Renewable power generating capacity saw its largest annual increase ever in 2016, with an estimated 161 gigawatts (GW) of capacity added. Total global renewable power capacity was up almost 9% compared to 2015, to nearly 2,017 GW at year’s end. Solar saw record additions and, for the first time, accounted for more additional power capacity than any other generating technology. Solar represented about 47% of newly installed renewable power capacity in 2016, and wind and hydropower accounted for most of the remainder, contributing about 34% and 15.5%, respectively.
The world now adds more renewable power capacity annually than it adds (net) capacity from all fossil fuels combined. In 2016, renewables accounted for an estimated nearly 62% of additions to global power generating capacity and represented far higher shares of capacity added in several countries around the world. By year’s end, renewables comprised an estimated 30% of the world’s power generating capacity – enough to supply an estimated 24.5% of global electricity, with hydropower providing about 16.6%
By the end of 2016, the top countries for total installed renewable electric capacity continued to be China, the United States, Brazil, Germany and Canada. China was home to more than one-quarter of the world’s renewable power capacity – totaling approximately 564 GW, including about 305 GW of hydropower.
Throughout 2016, variable renewables achieved high penetration levels in several countries: for example, wind power met 37.6% of electricity demand in Denmark, 27% in Ireland, 24% in Portugal, 19.7% in Cyprus and 10.5% in Costa Rica; and solar PV accounted for 9.8% of electricity demand in Honduras, 7.3% in Italy, 7.2% in Greece and 6.4% in Germany.
Types
There are many forms of renewable energy . Most of these renewable energies depend in one way or another on sunlight. Wind and hydroelectric power are the direct result of differential heating of the Earth's surface which leads to air moving about (wind) and precipitation forming as the air is lifted.
Solar energy is the direct conversion of sunlight using panels or collectors. Biomass energy is stored sunlight contained in plants. Other renewable energies that do not depend on sunlight are geothermal energy, which is a result of radioactive decay in the crust combined with the original heat of accreting the Earth, and tidal energy, which is a conversion of gravitational energy.
In more detail:
Biomass
Using plants, food waste and industrial waste to generate energy is pretty genius stuff. Biomass is a renewable source of carbon-based energy generated from combusting plant matter. But it's not perfect. The methods used in this process can cause significant environmental damage, just like other energy sectors. With another 3,500 biomass plants expected by 2020 worldwide, addressing the ecological concerns associated with this resource is crucial.
Biomass is organic material that comes from plants and animals, and it is a renewable source of energy. Biomass contains stored energy from the sun. Plants absorb the sun's energy in a process called photosynthesis. When biomass is burned, the chemical energy in biomass is released as heat. Biomass can be burned directly or converted to liquid biofuels or biogas that can be burned as fuels.
The ability to burn waste products from other industries to generate electricity makes biomass an environmentally friendly resource compared to fossil fuels. In the United States, biomass provides over 50 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity each year, amounting to over 1.5 percent of the total electricity demand.
The great thing about biomass energy (or simply “bioenergy”) is that its sources are plant and animal waste. So not only does biomass energy divert this organic matter from the waste stream — it turns it into something we all need, without polluting the planet. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, by 2030, the U.S. has the potential to sustainably produce 1 billion tons of bioenergy each year. As far as renewable energy sources go, biomass is not the most glamorous. But, biomass energy successfully solves two major environmental problems at once — an incredible feat if there ever was one!
Examples of biomass and their uses for energy:
Wood and wood processing wastes—burned to heat buildings, to produce process heat in industry, and to generate electricity
Agricultural crops and waste materials—burned as a fuel or converted to liquid biofuels
Food, yard, and wood waste in garbage—burned to generate electricity in power plants or converted to biogas in landfills
Animal manure and human sewage—converted to biogas, which can be burned as a fuel
Energy in this form is very commonly used throughout the world. Unfortunately the most popular is the burning of trees for cooking and warmth. Using woody biomass for energy production should be restricted to a local, small-scale use of mill residues. Approval of new wood-based bioenergy projects should cease, pending public hearings, a full accounting of the life-cycle climate and biodiversity footprints, and a re-thinking of government policies. We should also stop the subsidies of biomass, resulting in the massive felling of trees.
Air Emissions
Despite being a relatively clean alternative to more harmful fossil fuels, biomass still generates harmful toxins that can be released into the atmosphere as it's combusted. The burning of trees releases copious amounts of carbon dioxide gases into the atmosphere and is a major contributor to unhealthy air in many areas. Some of the more modern forms of biomass energy are methane generation and production of alcohol for automobile fuel and fueling electric power plants. Emissions vary greatly depending on the feedstock of the plant, but pollutants like nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and particulate matter are common. Filters, cleaner biomass sources, gasification systems and electrostatic precipitators can help the issue.
In biomass power plants, wood waste or other waste is burned to produce steam that runs a turbine to make electricity, or that provides heat to industries and homes. New technologies — including pollution controls and combustion engineering — have advanced to the point that any emissions from burning biomass in industrial facilities are generally less than emissions produced when using fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, oil).
Transporting waste from forestry and industry to a biomass plant also carries a significant carbon footprint from the petroleum used by transportation. This release of greenhouse gases may be a secondary environmental impact from biomass energy generation, but it's important nonetheless.
Biomass energy consists in using organic material as an energy source. This organic material can be natural, residual sub-product or waste from agricultural or livestock activities or resulting from energy crops.
Biomass
Bioenergy covers – more than any other renewable energy – a wide range of feedstocks and conversion technologies. Biomass of all types mobilised in Europe to produce energy accounted for 136.204 kilotonnes of oil equivalent in 2015. As a way of comparison, this means that biomass used for energy is on the way to overpass the European production of coal in the same period.
In general, more than two thirds of biomass consumed in Europe consists of solid biomass being mostly forestry residues and to a limited extent agricultural by-products (e.g. Wood industry by-products / Wood from Silviculture / Waste wood / Tall Fescue / Switchgrass / Short rotation Coppices / Miscanthus / Hedges / Green waste …). Biogas and biofuels feedstocks represent 11% and 11% of gross inland energy consumption of biomass.
Water Use
Like coal and nuclear plants, biomass plants may disrupt local water sources. Water use at a biomass plant ranges between 20,000 and 50,000 gallons per megawatt-hour. This water is released back into the source at a higher temperature, disrupting the local ecosystem. The nutrient runoff from energy crops can also harm local water resources as well. And growing energy crops in areas with low seasonal rainfall puts stress on the local water supply.
Solar
This form of energy relies on the nuclear fusion power from the core of the Sun. This energy can be collected and converted in a few different ways. The range is from solar water heating with solar collectors or attic cooling with solar attic fans for domestic use to the complex technologies of direct conversion of sunlight to electrical energy using mirrors and boilers or photovoltaic cells. Unfortunately these are currently insufficient to fully power our modern society.
In the 21st century solar energy is expected to become increasingly attractive as a renewable energy source because of its inexhaustible supply and its nonpolluting character, in stark contrast to the finite fossil fuels coal, petroleum, and natural gas.
The potential for solar energy is enormous, since about 200,000 times the world’s total daily electric-generating capacity is received by Earth every day in the form of solar energy. Unfortunately, though solar energy itself is free, the high cost of its collection, conversion, and storage still limits its exploitation in many places. Solar radiation can be converted either into thermal energy (heat) or into electrical energy, though the former is easier to accomplish.
Through 2018, there are more than 64 gigawatts (GW) of solar installed in the U.S., enough to power more than 12.3 million homes. Over the last decade, the solar market in the United States has grown at an average rate of 50% each year.
Concurrent with an increase in solar panel efficiency, the cost of solar energy has fallen substantially. In the last decade alone, the cost of a solar panel installation fell over 60 percent, and many industry experts predict that prices will continue to fall in the years to come:
The European Union installed around 8.0 GW of solar power systems in 2018; that is a 36% year-on-year increase over the 5.9 GW connected to the grid in EU-28 in 2017, according to an estimate from SolarPower Europe, the association for the solar power sector in Europe. Solar installations in Europe as a whole grew by around 20% to 11.0 GW in 2018, up from 9.2 GW the year before.
Europe’s largest solar market in 2018 was Germany with 2.96 GW of new grid-connected capacity, up 68% from the 1.76 GW installed in 2017. It was followed by Turkey, the reigning European solar market from the previous year, which installed 1.64 GW in 2018, down 37% from the year before, after a decline in demand due to the financial downturn in the country. A rising solar star, the Netherlands ranked as the 3rd largest solar market in 2018. The country added around 1.4 GW compared to 0.77 GW in 2017 and is now entering the ‘solar gigawatt-club’ for the first time.
There are three main drivers for progress: increasingly ambitious national targets, the rise of low-cost solar helped by the increase in CO2 costs, and digitalisation.
Wind Power
The movement of the atmosphere is driven by differences of temperature at the Earth's surface due to varying temperatures of the Earth's surface when lit by sunlight. Wind energy can be used to pump water or generate electricity, but requires extensive areal coverage to produce significant amounts of energy.
Most wind energy comes from turbines that can be as tall as a 20-story building and have three 200-foot (60-meter)-long blades. The wind spins the blades, which turn a shaft connected to a generator that produces electricity.
The biggest wind turbines generate enough electricity in a year (about 12 megawatt-hours) to supply about 600 U.S. homes. Wind farms have tens and sometimes hundreds of these turbines lined up together in particularly windy spots. Smaller turbines erected in a backyard can produce enough electricity for a single home or small business.
As of December 2017, installed capacity of wind power in the European Union totaled 169.3 gigawatts (GW). In 2017, a total of 15,680 MW of wind power was installed, representing 55% of all new power capacity, and the wind power generated 336 TWh of electricity, enough to supply 11.6% of the EU's electricity consumption
Of the capacity installed in th EU, 12,484 MW was onshore and 3,154 MW offshore. The annual onshore installations increased by 14%, while offshore installations doubled. Overall, the volume of new installations was 25% up on the 2016 figure.
Germany installed the most wind power capacity in 2017, with 6,581 MW of new capacity (a 15% increase on 2016 and a record year); 19% of the installed capacity in Germany was offshore. The UK came second with 4,270 MW installations, five times more than installations in 2016. France came third with 1,694 MW (9% growth on the previous year).
Finland (535 MW), Belgium (467 MW) and Ireland (426 MW) followed, with additions all above 400 MW and reaching record levels of installation.
Hydropower
People have a long history of using the force of water flowing in streams and rivers to produce mechanical energy. Hydropower was one of the first sources of energy used for electricity generation and is the largest single renewable energy source for electricity generation in the United States
This form uses the gravitational potential of elevated water that was lifted from the oceans by sunlight. It is not strictly speaking renewable since all reservoirs eventually fill up and require very expensive excavation to become useful again. At this time, most of the available locations for hydroelectric dams are already used in the developed world.
Hydropower relies on the water cycle
Understanding the water cycle is important to understanding hydropower. The water cycle has three steps:
Solar energy heats water on the surface of rivers, lakes, and oceans, which causes the water to evaporate.
Water vapor condenses into clouds and falls as precipitation—rain and snow.
Precipitation collects in streams and rivers, which empty into oceans and lakes, where it evaporates and begins the cycle again.
The amount of precipitation that drains into rivers and streams in a geographic area determines the amount of water available for producing hydropower. Seasonal variations in precipitation and long-term changes in precipitation patterns, such as droughts, have a big impact on hydropower production.
China is the world’s largest producer of hydropower, and accounted for nearly half of global added installed capacity, at 9.1 GW. It was followed by Brazil (3.4 GW), India (1.9 GW), Portugal (1.1 GW) and Angola (1.0 GW).
According to IHA’s 2018 Hydropower Status Report, hydropower remains the single largest source of renewable electricity across Europe, generating an estimated 600 TWh of clean electricity in 2017 - about 12 percent of Europe’s electricity generation.
Europe also is an established leader in research and development of new technologies – ocean, wave, and hydrokinetic. Thirty years ago, the United Kingdom had the most aggressive wave power research and development program in the world. This commitment to research and development, as well as to commercialization of new designs, continues today throughout Europe.
Hydrogen and fuel cells.
These are also not strictly renewable energy resources but are very abundant in availability and are very low in pollution when utilized. Hydrogen can be burned as a fuel, typically in a vehicle, with only water as the combustion product. This clean burning fuel can mean a significant reduction of pollution in cities. Or the hydrogen can be used in fuel cells, which are similar to batteries, to power an electric motor. In either case significant production of hydrogen requires abundant power. Due to the need for energy to produce the initial hydrogen gas, the result is the relocation of pollution from the cities to the power plants. There are several promising methods to produce hydrogen, such as solar power, that may alter this picture drastically.
Geothermal power.
Energy left over from the original accretion of the planet and augmented by heat from radioactive decay seeps out slowly everywhere, everyday. In certain areas the geothermal gradient (increase in temperature with depth) is high enough to exploit to generate electricity.
The earth has four major parts or layers:
An inner core of solid iron that is about 1,500 miles in diameter
An outer core of hot molten rock called magma that is about 1,500 miles thick.
A mantle of magma and rock surrounding the outer core that is about 1,800 miles thick
A crust of solid rock that forms the continents and ocean floors that is 15 to 35 miles thick under the continents and 3 to 5 miles thick under the oceans
Scientists have discovered that the temperature of the earth's inner core is about 10,800 degrees Fahrenheit (°F), which is as hot as the surface of the sun. Temperatures in the mantle range from about 392°F at the upper boundary with the earth's crust to approximately 7,230°F at the mantle-core boundary.
The earth's crust is broken into pieces called tectonic plates. Magma comes close to the earth's surface near the edges of these plates, which is where many volcanoes occur. The lava that erupts from volcanoes is partly magma. Rocks and water absorb heat from magma deep underground. The rocks and water found deeper underground have the highest temperatures.
This possibility is limited to a few locations on Earth and many technical problems exist that limit its utility. Another form of geothermal energy is Earth energy, a result of the heat storage in the Earth's surface. Soil everywhere tends to stay at a relatively constant temperature, the yearly average, and can be used with heat pumps to heat a building in winter and cool a building in summer. This form of energy can lessen the need for other power to maintain comfortable temperatures in buildings, but cannot be used to produce electricity.
Other forms of energy. Energy from tides, the oceans and hot hydrogen fusion are other forms that can be used to generate electricity. Each of these is discussed in some detail with the final result being that each suffers from one or another significant drawback and cannot be relied upon at this time to solve the upcoming energy crunch.
Installed geothermal electricity capacity in Europe amounts to 2.8 GWe, producing over 15 TWh per year. In Europe there are 117 plants, 16 of which were inaugurated in 2017. The new additions are quite significant, with 330 MWe of new geothermal electricity capacity coming online, mainly in Turkey.
Nuclear Energy
Many countries use nuclear reactions to produce energy throughout the world. According to the International Atomic Energy Agency in 2007, there were a reported 439 nuclear reactors operating in the world. Most of those reactors are operating within a few countries, namely, the United States, France, Japan, Russia and Korea.
Fission & Fusion
Currently, there are two ways to produce nuclear energy, through the use of fission and fusion. Fission reactions are more easily controlled than fusion reactions. This is why all nuclear power plants use fission reactions to produce energy and electricity.
In nuclear power plants, the most widely used method to produce energy is through the use of fission. The idea of fission is to split atoms, usually uranium, in a nuclear reactor. When an atom splits, neutrons are released, the neutrons then strike other atoms and begin a chain reaction. The splitting of the atoms produces great amounts of energy, and that energy turns water into steam, which drives turbines. The turbines spin a generator and produce electricity, which is harnessed.
Nuclear fusion is another method of producing energy. The sun uses this process to produce its energy. Nuclear fusion works on the idea of forcing two nuclei together through intense pressure. When the two nuclei fuse, a new element is formed, and a large amount of energy is released. This process also sets off a chain reaction, which is difficult to control. Nuclear fusion could be the future of energy, replacing fossil fuels with our own artificial stars. China and France have been doing some groundbreaking work on this development!
China built a fusion reactor that reaches temperatures of 100 million degrees Celsius, that’s six times as hot as the sun. The reactor is called Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) and sustained nuclear fusion for about 10 seconds before shutting down. It was a milestone for EAST, but we still a long way from generating sustainable energy on Earth.
Meanwhile we also have ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor)
It's a project partnership between the US, China, India, Japan, Russia, and South Korea. ITER would generate power by fusing atoms together.
History
Nuclear energy has been used to produce electricity for decades. Nuclear fission was first experimented on by Enrico Fermi in 1934. The idea to use nuclear energy to produce electricity was not realized until 1951. A station near Arco, Idaho, was the first to produce electricity from a nuclear reactor in that year. In the years after, several countries were using nuclear energy to produce electricity.
Considerations
Nuclear energy has been a defining tool for human beings not just in medicine, warfare or scientific aid. Nuclear energy presents a tool in which the entirety of the human race can be extinguished over the course of one afternoon. All the bombs dropped in the Second World War equaled some 2 megatons. Today thermonuclear weapons have the destructive force of several tons of megatons. All the destructive force of the second world war several times over focused on one spot. Though this point has not come yet it is there looming. Nuclear energy is a tool that requires a mature society to wield and properly use.
Carbon Engineering
Imagine driving up to your local gas station and being able to choose between regular, premium, or carbon-free gasoline.
Carbon Engineering, a Canadian company, is already making a liquid fuel by sucking carbon dioxide (CO2) out of the atmosphere and combining it with hydrogen from water. This is an engineering breakthrough on two fronts: A potentially cost-effective way to take CO2 out of the atmosphere to fight our climate crisis and a potentially cost-competitive way to make gasoline, diesel, or jet fuel that doesn’t add any additional CO2 to the atmosphere.
EU
In 2017, the EU reached a share of 17.52% of renewable energy in gross final energyconsumption, against a target of 20% for 2020, and above the indicative trajectory of 16% for 2017/2018. The EU is on track to reach its 2020 target. Over the past years, at EU level, there has been a continuous increase in the overall share of renewable energy sources and in the sectoral shares of renewable energy in electricity , heating and cooling, and, to a lesser extent, transport.
The main renewable sources used in energy consumption were biomass for heating and cooling, hydropower and wind for electricity, and biofuels for transport. In the electricity sector, a clear paradigm shift is happening towards renewables. One of the key factors has been the decline in the cost of electricity from solar PV and wind power, which over the period from 2009 to 2018 fell with nearly 75% and about 50% (depending on the market) respectively, due to capital costs reductions, advances in efficiency and supply chain improvements and competitive tendering for support schemes.
In 2018, the Ourika project in Portugal was the first European solar project developed without any kind of public support.
In Germany, the market premiums paid for a 1.4 MW solar PV project was below the market value for solar power in summer 2018, and in Denmark new wind power projects were developed for a fixed feed-in tariff of 2.5 EUR/MWh. In both Germany and the Netherlands, the tenders for the development of a 1610 and 700 MW offshore wind parks received zero subsidy bids.
Netherlands
Last year the Netherlands generated 10 percent more energy from renewable sources than in the year before, Statistics Netherlands reported on Friday. Despite this increase, the Netherlands is still far from its goal to be CO2-neutral by 2050.
In 2017 the Netherlands generated a total of 17 billion kilowatt hours (kWh) of electricity from renewable sources, compared to 15 billion kWh in 2016. Wind turbines accounted for the biggest share of renewable energy with 60 percent, followed by biomass with almost 30 percent and solar panels with nearly 13 percent. The share of energy generated by hydro power remained limited to half a percent.
The share of sustainably generated electricity in total electricity consumption increased from 12.5 percent in 2016 to 13.8 percent in 2017, according to the stats office.
The Netherlands wants to be CO2 neutral by 2050. To achieve that goal, the Dutch government wants 14 percent of the energy consumed in the Netherlands to be from renewable sources by 2020, according to the Volkskrant. But that does not only include electricity consumption. It also includes energy needed for heat and transport, Dick ter Steege of Statistics Netherlands said to the newspaper.
Nuon has dismantled four offshore wind turbines with a total capacity of 2 MW at the Lely wind farm in Ijsselmeer, some 600 metres off the port of Medemblik.
Netherlands is a small country with population 17 million people. About 60% of its territory would have flooded if coastline reinforcements had not built. The country's universities are producing world's best water engineers and managers. Several Dutch companies have experimented with amphibious housing. Floating homes are built in Amsterdam and Maastricht. The Netherlands has a strong standing in the areas of renewable energy. They started using the wind and water energy as early as in 17th century.
All electric trains in the Netherlands are now powered entirely by wind energy. It's the first railway network in the world to rely completely on renewable energy, providing carbon-free travel to over 600,000 daily passengers.
Solutions - Green Projects
Hydrogen fuel cell flying car
Massachusetts startup Alaka’i has designed a flying car that the company touts as the “first air mobility vehicle powered by hydrogen fuel cells”. The big promise: ten times the power of conventional lithium batteries without compromising on carbon emissions.
The hydrogen fuel cells give the five-passenger Skai a maximum range of 400 miles (640 km) with a flight time of up to four hours.
Solar-powered floating farms that can produce 20 tons of vegetables every day
An innovative and new approach to traditional farming. It is an amazing solar powered floating island which is covered with several farms and was created by Forward Thinking Architecture. The floating islands work in a very energy efficient way, harvesting sunlight and rainwater, this way creating a sustainable environment. These floating farms can produce even 20 tons of vegetables daily. The great advantage of this invention is that such farms can be built all around the world, even in places that are hardly accessible or not suitable for farming. This will encourage locals to grow their own food and reduce the amount of imported goods, saving money and giving birth to lots of new jobs. To learn more, check here.
Hydogen Cars
A hand-built, aerodynamic car called Rasa that weighs just 580 kilograms -- 40 kilograms more than just the battery of a Tesla Model S. The odd-looking two-seater with butterfly doors takes three minutes to refuel, has a 500 kilometer range, a top speed of 96km/hour, and the only tail pipe emission is water.
By comparison, a battery electric vehicle takes much longer to recharge and can run flat after 250 kilometers for cars like the Nissan Leaf or 550 kilometers for the latest Tesla Model S.
The car also has its own "super capacitors" to capture kinetic energy from braking as electricity, and convert it into power to assist with acceleration. Check it here.
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER)
It's a project partnership between the US, China, India, Japan, Russia, and South Korea. ITER would generate power by fusing atoms together. Similar to the nuclear fusion process that powers our sun. Nuclear fusion offers a cleaner, safer alternative to nuclear fission, which is what powers today's nuclear reactors.
Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST)
China built a fusion reactor that reaches temperatures of 100 million degrees Celsius, that’s six times as hot as the sun. The reactor is called Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) and sustained nuclear fusion for about 10 seconds before shutting down.
Fusion energy might be the safe, efficient, reliable and clean energy source that could save our planet. But, how close are we to a world where fusion energy is powering our homes? How Close Are We?
Carbon Engineering
Carbon Engineering creates clean fuel out of air. At Carbon Engineering, they’re commercializing two clean energy technologies that can rapidly accelerate our shift to a net-zero world: their Direct Air Capture technology can deliver large-scale negative emissions by removing carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere; and our AIR TO FUELS™ technology can significantly reduce the carbon footprint of transportation by creating clean synthetic fuels – made from air, water and renewable power.
What do you do regarding more sustainable energy use? By tagging us with #theconsciouschallenge you can share your ideas!
Want to contribute to our Ecological Footprint Bible? Submit us your scientific articles! Mail us at info@theconsciouschallenge.org
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